牛肝菌科笔记
上次和师兄讨论，据说牛肝菌科有66个属，属和属之间的形态差异并不是特别明显，我就想着总有一天我要总结出一些规律来，至少要能够大致识别一些特征明显的类群来！
Buchwaldoboletus
着生于腐殖土上，粉末状的菌盖，边缘内卷但是没有菌幂残余，子实层幼时黄色，伤变蓝色。
This genus differs from all other genera of Boletaceae in its occurrence on humus, pulverulent pileus
with an incurved margin yet but without a membranous marginal veil, a yellow hymenophore when young and staining blue when bruised, an interwoven subcutis pileipellis, and comparatively small basidiospores.
Fresh basidiomata of representative species-4. a–b. Boletellus obscurecoccineus (HKAS77662); c–e. Buchwaldoboletus lignicola (c-d-HKAS76674, e-HKAS 76676); f–h. Butyriboletus pseudospeciosus (f-HKAS 67910, g-h-HKAS 82796); i–j. Butyriboletus roseoflavus (i-HKAS 80557, j-HKAS 54099); k–l. Butyriboletus subsplendidus (k-HKAS 82375, l-HKAS 52661); m–o. Butyriboletus yicibus (m-HKAS
57411, n-HKAS 68669, o-HKAS 56163)
Butyriboletus
黄肉牛肝菌属
黄色的菌管层，伤变蓝，菌柄上有黄色的网纹，气味很淡，菌肉微黄，有些物种变蓝色。
The butter boletes (Boletus s.l. sect. Appendiculati) are an economically important group of ectomycorrhizal fungi whose basidiocarps have a yellow
tube layer that often bruises blue, yellow reticulate stipe, mild flavor and firm yellow-tinged flesh that may or may not turn blue when exposed.
Caloboletus
黄色的子实层，光滑的孢子，孢子印橄榄棕，菌盖表皮交叉，伤变蓝色，菌肉尝起来微苦。菌柄黄色或红色。
Morphologically, the genus is characterized by the combination of the yellow hymenophore, smooth spores that are olivebrown in deposit, an interwoven pileipellis, a bluish colorchange and a distinctly bitter taste of the context.
Chiua
裘氏牛肝菌属：菌柄表面粗糙，菌柄基部铬黄色，菌柄柄肉无伤变，子实层变白或变粉色，盖表皮栅栏状，孢子光滑。
This genus differs from all other genera of Boletaceae in its scabrous stipe surface and chrome yellow stipe base, yellow to chrome yellow pileal and stipe context which is without color change when hurt, white to pinkish or pink hymenophore, trichodermium pileipellis and smooth basidiospores. Context yellow to bright yellow, unchanging in color when injured.
Corneroboletus
Hourangia
厚瓤牛肝菌属：菌肉先变蓝色，在变红色或棕红色，最终变棕色或黑色，子实层比菌盖菌肉厚3-5倍，担孢子表面有纹饰。
This genus can easily be distinguished from other genera of Boletaceae by the combination of the context of the stipe becoming first bluish, then reddish to brownish red, and finally brownish to blackish when cut, the thick hymenophore being 3–5 (7) times that of the pileal context, and the basidiospore surface with bacillate ornamentation.
Imleria
是一个比较好辨认的类群，识别特征是：栗棕色的菌盖和菌柄，奶油色至淡黄色的子实层，菌盖潮湿时黏，菌肉变暗蓝色，栅栏状有黏液的菌盖表皮和光滑的孢子。
The genus Imleria can be easily distinguished from other genera of Boletaceae by the combination of the following characters: a chestnut brown pileus and stipe, a cream to pale yellow hymenophore, a viscid pileal surface when moist, a cyanescent context and hymenophore on handling or exposure, an ixotrichodermal pileipellis and smooth spores
Basidiomata of Imleria species. a. Im. badia (HKAS 74713, by M. Gelardi). b. Im. obscurebrunnea (HKAS 50477, photo by Z.L. Yang). c. Im. parva (HKAS 55341, holotype, photo by B. Feng). d. Im. subalpina (HKAS 74712, photo by B. Feng).
Phylloporus
褶孔牛肝菌属应该是比较容易认的了。
Pseudoaustroboletus
白粉色至浅粉色或灰粉色的子实层，菌柄表面有明显网纹，担孢子光滑，棕至暗黄棕色的囊状体，和栅栏状棕至暗棕色盖表。
Morphologically, Pseudoaustroboletus is distinguished from other boletoid lineages by a combination of morphological characters, including the pale pinkish to light pinkish or greyish pink hymenophore, the distinctly reticulated stipe surface, the smooth basidiospores, the brown
to dark yellow-brown pigmented cystidia, and the trichodermial brown to dark brown pigmented pileipellis.
Retiboletus
FIG. 3. Basidiomata of Retiboletus species. a–c. R. fuscus (a–b from HKAS 59460; c from 83946). d–g. R. kauffmanii (d–e from HKAS 63584, epitype; f–g from HKAS 76418). h–j. R. pseudogriseus (HKAS 83950, holotype). k–o. R. sinensis (k from HKAS 83955; l from HKAS 83956, holotype; m–o from HKAS 59832). p–t. R. zhangfeii (p from HKAS 83960; q from HKAS 83961; r, t from HKAS 83962, holotype; s from HKAS 83963) (a–b photo Y.C. Li; c photo T. Ma; d–e photo G. Wu; f–g photo Y.J. Hao; h–t photo N.K. Zeng).
Rubroboletus
菌盖红色，子实层表面橘红色或血红色，黄色菌管，菌柄黄色，覆盖粉色至红色网状或斑点，菌肉伤变蓝，孢子光滑，孢子印橄榄棕，菌盖表皮呈交错的栅栏型。
Rubroboletus differs from the remaining genera in Boletaceae by the combination of a reddish
pileal surface, an orange-red to blood red surface of the hymenophore, yellow tubes, pink to red reticula or spots on the yellow background of the stipe, a bluish color-change when injured, a non-amyloid context, smooth spores which are olivebrown in deposit, and an interwoven trichodermal pileipellis.
Tengioboletus
Tengioboletus fujianensis
白色和黄色的子实层，菌肉黄色不变色。
This genus differs from all other genera of Boletaceae in its white to yellow hymenophore, yellowish to yellow context without color change when cut, an epithelium to ixotrichodermium pileipellis composed of inflated hyphae, and smooth basidiospores.
Veloporphyrellus
识别特征：粉色至灰粉色的子实层，菌盖边缘有菌幂残余，木霉状的菌盖，孢子光滑。
Morphologically Veloporphyrellus is distinguished from other boletoid genera by the combination of the pinkish or grayish pink hymenophore,
the membranous veil hanging on the pilea margin, the trichoderm-like pileus covering and the smooth basidiospores.
Habitat of Veloporphyrellus species. A–C. V. alpinus (A–B. holotype, B. Feng 761-HKAS 57490, KUN. C. B. Feng 1266-HKAS 63669, KUN). D–F. V. conicus (D. B. Ortiz-Santana 321-BZ 1670, CFMR. E. B. Ortiz-Santana 356-BZ 1705, CFMR. F. B. Ortiz-Santana 480-BZ 2408, CFMR). G–I. V. pseudovelatus (G. L.P. Tang 1212-HKAS 63032, KUN. H. holotype, Z.L. Yang 4941-HKAS 52258, KUN. I. Y.C. Li 2815-HKAS 63670, KUN). J–L. V. velatus (J–L. N.K. Zeng 763-HKAS 63668, KUN).
Zangia
臧氏牛肝菌属主要特征：有皱纹的菌盖，粉色的子实层，粉色的孢子印，菌柄上有粉红色的粗糙鳞片，菌柄基部及基部的假根铬黄色至金黄色，光滑的孢子，某些物种菌柄受伤变蓝色。
Zangia is distinguished from other boletoid lineages by its combination of rugose pileus, pinkish to pink hymenophore, pink to pinkish brown spore deposit, pink scabrous squamules on the stipe, chrome yellow to golden yellow stipe base, chrome yellow to golden yellow mycelia on the base of the stipe, ixohyphoepithelium pileipellis, glabrous spores and bluish colour changes in the stipe in some species.
